Diabetes Prevention
- Dr. Marcia Bygrave & Dr. Saman Aftab
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- Medically reviewed by: Muhammad Usman, MD
Many people do not know this; type 2 diabetes is preventable. Even if you are already prediabetic, you can take some steps to keep your sugar level from progressing to diabetes.
Can diabetes be prevented?
The answer is Yes! By simply changing your eating habits and adjusting the frequency with which you do physical activity, you can keep type 2 diabetes at a safe distance. However, for type 1 diabetes, there is currently no known way to prevent its development.
One truth you must be aware of is that your commitment and dedication to the process are required. Intentionally making lifestyle changes is the first step to help prevent type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease. If you discover that you are at risk of developing the disease, you must take proactive steps toward preventing it. You are at high risk if you are obese, have a high cholesterol level, or are from a family with a history of diabetes.
Don’t worry, because these changes you may need to make are easy. We will guide you through it—stay with us.
Primary Prevention
The primary preventive approach aims to stop diabetes from happening at all. It involves practicing healthy behavior daily. These healthy behavior include:
Maintaining a healthy diet routine, e.g., Controlling the intake of carbohydrates.
Secondary Prevention
After diagnosing diabetes, one can still reverse the blood sugar level to fall within a non-diabetic or prediabetic range; This is the aim of secondary prevention. After diagnosing diabetes, one should take measures known as secondary prevention. It involves
Monitoring or screening an individual's A1C levels
Modifying one’s way of life is essential, but secondary prevention often requires additional medical care to be effective. There will be a need to control some medically related risk factors.
Hypertension
Besides increasing the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension also exacerbates diabetic ocular and kidney complications. The incidence of hypertension is 2–3 times greater in people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to those who do not have it and much higher in specific racial and ethnic groupings. With increasing age, NIDDM patients are more likely to have hypertension. Thus, hypertension should be identified and treated early in the hopes of reducing the risk of diabetes developing as a secondary condition.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension are linked to insulin resistance and obesity. Modifying one’s lifestyle to lose weight might improve blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. If pharmaceutical treatment is necessary, it is recommended to begin with medications such as calcium antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and alpha-blockers that do not negatively impact glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and serum lipid concentrations.
Hyperlipidemia
Variations in blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, both quantitatively and qualitatively, are related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease link to increased levels of bad cholesterol (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total triglyceride, and decreased levels of good cholesterol (HDL).
Lipid abnormality screening is integral to secondary prevention for people with NIDDM. Although dietary and lifestyle changes should be attempted initially, specialized lipid-lowering medicine should be used if they fail to improve symptoms.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-lowering medication may help minimize macrovascular problems in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; however, the evidence is weak.
Patients with diabetes who participated in the Helsinki Heart Study and were assigned to active medication (gemfibrozil) had a significantly reduced risk of coronary heart disease than those assigned to placebo. However, the results were not strong enough to be considered statistically significant.
Glycemic Management
People with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) can reduce their risk of developing microvascular symptoms of diabetes by as much as 50-60% if they maintain tight control over their blood sugar levels.
The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study 1994 suggests a strong association between glycemia and retinopathy.
Improvements in glycaemic management and their impact on macrovascular disease are less specific.
Microalbuminuria
Microalbuminuria occurs when the albumin excretion rate is 20–200 pg/min, below the cutoff for proteinuria on standard dip-stick testing of the urine.
A further indicator of early cardiovascular morbidity in NIDDM is microalbuminuria. IDDM has a higher prevalence of microalbuminuria as a predictor of ESRD than NIDDM; This is possible because people with NIDDM are more susceptible to dying from cardiovascular disease than end-stage renal failure.
Improving glycemic management and treating concomitant hypertension in microalbuminuric people with IDDM reduces albumin excretion rates and slows the onset of renal impairment.
The advantages, if any, exhibited in NIDDM participants with microalbuminuria remain to be seen. There is evidence that angiotensin inhibitors, particularly those targeting angiotensin II, may help people with and without hypertension control their blood pressure by decreasing their albumin excretion rates in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes.
Tertiary Prevention
The objective of tertiary prevention is to protect the body against the different complications associated with diabetes. It involves adequately educating those at high risk and newly diagnosed patients on implementing healthy behaviors for effective diabetes management.
Examples of complications associated with diabetes:
1st Example: Nephropathy
Diagnosing and treating microalbuminuria is possibly the most significant prophylactic therapy for preventing the development of nephropathy. After nephropathy has developed, controlling high blood pressure is critical. Dietary factors may also influence the pace of deterioration in renal function.
In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the pace of decrease in renal function is associated with systolic blood pressure. Treating hypertension may slow down the incidence of IDDM. When used by patients with either normotension or hypertension with microalbuminuria, ACE inhibitors delay the impairment of kidney function and the advancement to end-stage organ failure. There is currently no consensus on the role of these medications in NIDDM patients who have already developed nephropathy.
2nd Example: Retinopathy
Routine screening and timely consultation with an ophthalmologist are essential prophylactic approaches for preventing the development of baseline retinopathy to vision loss.
Adequately screening and timely referral to an ophthalmologist could prevent numerous cases of diabetes-related blindness.
This risk of developing retinopathy increases with the incidence of diabetes.
3rd Example: Distal limb amputations
Diabetic people have a 15-fold increased risk of lower limb amputations, and it is predicted that as much as 85 percent of these amputations might be avoided with proper foot care. An amputated lower leg is more likely to occur in patients with peripheral vascular disease or neuropathy. The early therapy of diabetic foot issues is still severely poor, despite the advantages of frequent chiropody, patient education, quitting smoking, and treating the infection as soon as possible.
NIDDM patients should anticipate at least an annual foot screening as a basic level of treatment. Lower limb amputations and their consequences inflict a heavy social and economic burden on communities. However, one can mitigate them by promptly and effectively diagnosing surgical cases early, detecting at-risk foot conditions, and managing associated risk factors.
Generally, diabetes prevention and management involve the following:
1.Losing excess weight
Extra weight will make it harder for the body to regulate sugar. Insulin resistance is more common in people with excess weight since the body’s cells cannot use insulin, eventually leading to diabetes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that people with prediabetes lose at least 7% to 10% of their body weight to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. You should talk to your doctor about setting realistic goals-such as losing 1-2 pounds per week.
2.Physical activity
Regular physical activity will give you the following benefits while maintaining your general health
According to a study, the average percentage of hemoglobin A1C dropped from 9.6 to 8.6 after only four months of an exercise program.
What exercises can promote weight loss?
Exercises that can promote weight loss include:
1. Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic exercise refers to activity that increases the heart rate and the body’s use of oxygen. Examples of aerobic exercises for diabetes are yoga, walking, dance, and biking. Strive to engage in 30 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity.
Researchers discovered that adults who engaged in a CDC-recognized lifestyle modification program, leading to a 5-7% reduction in their body weight and incorporating 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week, experienced a 58% decrease in the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. For those aged over 60, this risk reduction was even more significant, at 71%.
2. Resistance exercises
These are exercises that involve the use of resistance and exercise contractions. For diabetes, they include light weight lifting, push-ups, and squats. People diagnosed with type 2 diabetes should try performing more resistance exercises at least twice weekly.
3. Limited Inactivity
If you spend extended periods in front of a computer, make sure to stand, walk around, or engage in light activity for a few minutes every 30 minutes.
4. Eat healthy plant foods
Plants are a healthy source of essential nutrients. Research suggests that a healthy plant-based diet effectively combats diabetes.
What foods can I eat to lower my risk of diabetes?
A diet based on foods with a low glycemic index may help control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. The glycemic index is a value assigned to foods based on how slowly or quickly those foods cause increases in blood sugar levels. Foods with a high glycemic index raise blood sugar levels more rapidly than foods with a low glycemic index. There are many different types of foods that you can eat to help control your blood sugar levels.
Eat Healthy Fats
Fat is the number one culprit for many health risks. Irrespective of this, it is an essential nutrient that should be part of our diet. There are healthy fats and bad fats. Incorporate a range of foods containing unsaturated or “good fats” into your diet to aid in weight loss and management.
The unsaturated fats found in olive oil, nuts, and fish improve diabetes control by helping to increase insulin sensitivity. When insulin is more sensitive, the body does not have to produce as much of it to keep blood sugar levels under control; This can help to lower the risk for high blood sugar spikes and improve diabetes management overall.
Sources of good fats include:
Saturated fats, or “bad fats,” are found in dairy products and meats. Limit these fats by eating low-fat dairy products and lean chicken and pork
Should I speak to my doctor about diabetes prevention?
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends routine screening and diagnostic tests for type 2 diabetes for;
People with a history of gestational diabetes, and
References
Marcia Bygrave is a licensed nurse. She received her PhD in public health from Walden University. She is currently a Sr. Enterprise Learning Development Advisor with a large managed care company. Marcia has 25+ years of experience in the healthcare field working in management, staff development and training and as a charge nurse. She has extensive experience training staff and caregivers and developing programs to address pertinent skills. Marcia is also an entrepreneur. Her most recent venture includes plans to open a diabetes education center in a local rural area in Alabama. Besides Marcia’s passion for learning, seeking knowledge, and training others, she is very passionate about helping diabetics learn skills to manage their diabetes. She has a unique background, bringing experience from both the corporate and educational environments. Marcia is an advocate of continued learning and advancement; very effective in influencing the grasp of knowledge and love of learning in others.
MARCIA BYGRAVE PHD
Marcia Bygrave is a licensed nurse. She received her PhD in public health from Walden University. She is currently a Sr. Enterprise Learning Development Advisor with a large managed care company. Marcia has 25+ years of experience in the healthcare field working in management, staff development and training and as a charge nurse. She has extensive experience training staff and caregivers and developing programs to address pertinent skills. Marcia is also an entrepreneur. Her most recent venture includes plans to open a diabetes education center in a local rural area in Alabama. Besides Marcia’s passion for learning, seeking knowledge, and training others, she is very passionate about helping diabetics learn skills to manage their diabetes. She has a unique background, bringing experience from both the corporate and educational environments. Marcia is an advocate of continued learning and advancement; very effective in influencing the grasp of knowledge and love of learning in others.
Dr. Saman is a medical writer with over six years of experience in freelance writing, editing, and proofreading. She is a practicing healthcare professional holding a doctorate in physical therapy at DOW University of Health Sciences. She loves to write and read about Physical and Mental health. She started content writing to blend her passion for writing and medicine with extensive clinical experience.
DR. SAMAN AFTAB
Dr. Saman is a medical writer with over six years of experience in freelance writing, editing, and proofreading. She is a practicing healthcare professional holding a doctorate in physical therapy at DOW University of Health Sciences. She loves to write and read about Physical and Mental health. She started content writing to blend her passion for writing and medicine with extensive clinical experience.
